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  • Relational Egalitarianism : Living as Equals
    Relational Egalitarianism : Living as Equals

    Over the last twenty years, many political philosophers have rejected the idea that justice is fundamentally about distribution.Rather, justice is about social relations, and the so-called distributive paradigm should be replaced by a new relational paradigm.Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen seeks to describe, refine, and assess these thoughts and to propose a comprehensive form of egalitarianism which includes central elements from both relational and distributive paradigms.He shows why many of the challenges that luck egalitarianism faces reappear, once we try to specify relational egalitarianism more fully.His discussion advances understanding of the nature of the relational ideal, and introduces new conceptual tools for understanding it and for exploring the important question of why it is desirable in the first place to relate as equals.Even severe critics of the distributive understanding of justice will find that this book casts important new light on the ideal to which they subscribe.

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  • David Walker : The Politics of Racial Egalitarianism
    David Walker : The Politics of Racial Egalitarianism

    David Walker, a free (with a small f) black man, was one of the most significant African-American abolitionists of the nineteenth century.Born in a slave society before moving to Boston where, after the American Revolutionary War, slavery was abolished, Walker devoted his life to fighting slavery and antiblack racism. In this book, Sherrow O. Pinder brings to light Walker’s lived experience, activism, and the synchronizing of his Christian principles and reformist radicalism to demonstrate why and how slavery must be eliminated.Walker’s call for blacks to regain their natural rights culminated in his Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World, an enormously influential work that is now considered a founding text of black studies. Today, given the escalation of antiblack racism manifested in the upholding of institutionalized violence by the state and the continued marginality of African-Americans, we cannot afford to forget Walker’s push for racial egalitarianism: it is more urgent than ever.

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  • Drawing Lots : From Egalitarianism to Democracy in Ancient Greece
    Drawing Lots : From Egalitarianism to Democracy in Ancient Greece

    For the first time, this volume by two leading historians offers a comprehensive study of drawing lots as a central institution of ancient Greek society.Drawing lots expressed an egalitarian mindset that guided selection, procedure, and distribution by lot and was eventually introduced for polis governance, a Greek innovation that appears to be of increasing relevance today.The authors explore the egalitarian, "horizonal," mindset expressed in using the lot instead of a top-down vision of authority and sovereignty.Drawing lots presupposed equality among participants deserving equal "portions" and was used for distributing land, inheritance, booty, sacrificial meat, selecting individuals, setting turns, mixing and reorganizing groups, and divining the will of the gods.Lot-oracles were used for divination; otherwise, the gods guarded the justice of the procedure but only rarely determined the outcome.It was a self-evident method broadly and ubiquitously applied.Drawing lots would crystallize community boundaries and emphasize its sovereignty.The book further investigates the transposition of the drawing of lots to the governance of the polis.The implied egalitarianism of the lot often conflicted with top-down perceptions of society and the values of inequality, status, and merit.Drawing lots was introduced into oligarchies and democracies at an uneven pace and scale.Its wide use in the democracy of classical Athens was an exceptional case, eye-catching both in antiquity and today.The book concludes with a discussion about the meaning of the Greek examples for drawing lots today and the increasing interest in using random selection in politics as a possibility for modern democracies around the world.The appendix surveys the Greek vocabulary of lottery practices.

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  • Working as Equals : Relational Egalitarianism and the Workplace
    Working as Equals : Relational Egalitarianism and the Workplace

    Are hierarchical arrangements in the workplace, including the employer-employee relationship, consistent with the ideal of relating to one another as moral equals?With this question at its core, this volume of essays by leading moral and political philosophers explores ideas about justice in the workplace, contributing to both political philosophy and business ethics.Relational egalitarians propose that the ideal of equality is primarily an ideal of social relationships and view the equality of social relationships as having priority over the distributive arrangements.Yet contemporary workplaces are characterized by hierarchical employer-employee relationships.The essays push discussions of the relational egalitarian tradition in new directions, helping to show its promise and its limits.They address pressing concerns at a time of widening inequality and rapid changes in the nature of work. The contributors explore two overarching topics. First, they consider whether the relational ideal of equality really applies to the workplace.In doing so, they explore the scope of the relational egalitarian approach and its promise for extending political philosophy beyond the institutions of the state.Second, they consider what workplace relations and workplace actors would have to be like in order to fulfill the relational egalitarian ideal.In examining these two issues, the contributors both flesh out the relational egalitarian ideal and add to our understanding of the ethical norms of the workplace. The book is an invaluable resource for those studying political philosophy and ethics, particularly relational egalitarianism.Additionally, lawyers interested in the foundations of labor law and antidiscrimination law will find it highly informative.

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  • What factors create social inequality in egalitarianism?

    Social inequality in egalitarianism can be created by factors such as unequal access to resources, differences in education and skills, and discrimination based on gender, race, or other characteristics. Even in societies that strive for equality, individuals may still face barriers to opportunities and resources that can perpetuate social inequality. Additionally, power dynamics and social hierarchies can also contribute to the persistence of inequality in egalitarian societies.

  • What factors contribute to social inequality in egalitarianism?

    In egalitarian societies, social inequality can still exist due to various factors such as differences in access to resources, education, and opportunities. Historical factors like colonization or discrimination can also contribute to social inequality by creating disparities in power and wealth. Additionally, social norms and biases within the community can perpetuate inequality by favoring certain groups over others. Overall, social inequality in egalitarianism can arise from a combination of structural, historical, and cultural factors that impact individuals' access to resources and opportunities.

  • What factors lead to social inequality in egalitarianism?

    Social inequality in egalitarianism can arise due to various factors such as differences in access to resources, education, and opportunities. Historical injustices and systemic discrimination can also contribute to social inequality, as certain groups may have been disadvantaged for generations. Additionally, cultural norms and biases can perpetuate inequality by favoring certain individuals or groups over others. Overall, social inequality in egalitarian societies can be the result of a complex interplay of economic, social, and cultural factors.

  • How can one practice learning efficiently?

    One can practice learning efficiently by setting clear goals and objectives, breaking down the material into smaller, manageable chunks, and using active learning techniques such as summarizing, teaching others, and self-testing. Additionally, creating a conducive learning environment, minimizing distractions, and taking regular breaks can help improve focus and retention. It's also important to stay organized, prioritize tasks, and seek feedback to continuously improve the learning process.

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  • Radical Pacifism in Modern America : Egalitarianism and Protest
    Radical Pacifism in Modern America : Egalitarianism and Protest

    Radical Pacifism in Modern America traces cycles of success and decline in the radical wing of the American peace movement, an egalitarian strain of pacifism that stood at the vanguard of antimilitarist organizing and American radical dissent from 1940 to 1970. Using traditional archival material and oral history sources, Marian Mollin examines how gender and race shaped and limited the political efforts of radical pacifist women and men, highlighting how activists linked pacifism to militant masculinity and privileged the priorities of its predominantly white members.In spite of the invisibility that this framework imposed on activist women, the history of this movement belies accounts that relegate women to the margins of American radicalism and mixed-sex political efforts.Motivated by a strong egalitarianism, radical pacifist women rejected separatist organizing strategies and, instead, worked alongside men at the front lines of the struggle to construct a new paradigm of social and political change.Their compelling examples of female militancy and leadership challenge the essentialist association of female pacifism with motherhood and expand the definition of political action to include women's political work in both the public and private spheres.Focusing on the vexed alliance between white peace activists and black civil rights workers, Mollin similarly details the difficulties that arose at the points where their movements overlapped and challenges the seemingly natural association between peace and civil rights. Emphasizing the actions undertaken by militant activists, Radical Pacifism in Modern America illuminates the complex relationship between gender, race, activism, and political culture, identifying critical factors that simultaneously hindered and facilitated grassroots efforts at social and political change.

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  • Inequality and Democratic Egalitarianism : 'Marx's Economy and Beyond' and Other Essays
    Inequality and Democratic Egalitarianism : 'Marx's Economy and Beyond' and Other Essays

    This book arose out of a friendship between a political philosopher and an economic sociologist, and their recognition of an urgent political need to address the extreme inequalities of wealth and power in contemporary societies.It provides a new analysis of what generates inequalities in rights to income, property and public goods in contemporary societies.By critiquing Marx’s foundational theory of exploitation, it moves beyond Marx, both in its analysis of inequality, and in its concept of just distribution.It points to the major historical transformations that create educational and knowledge inequalities, inequalities in rights to public goods that combine with those to private wealth.It argues that asymmetries of economic power are inherently gendered and racialized, and that forms of coercion and slavery are deeply embedded in the histories of capitalism. This book is relevant to United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 10, Reduced inequalities -- .

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  • Participatory Culture, Community, and Play : Learning from Reddit
    Participatory Culture, Community, and Play : Learning from Reddit

    What does online community look like in the age of social networking?How do participatory culture platforms reflect both their designers’ intentions and the desires of their users?In this incisive and timely work, Adrienne L. Massanari discusses how culture is created and challenged on Reddit.com, the self-proclaimed «front page of the internet».Reddit enables the sharing of original and reposted content from around the web, and provides a platform for like-minded individuals to commune around topics of interest – everything from the joys of drinking beer in a shower (/r/showerbeer) to celebrating the pleasures of tidy penmanship (/r/penmanshipporn).Massanari’s ethnographic work provides a detailed examination of the contradictions that shape Reddit’s culture and how they reflect its role as an epicenter of geek culture.The book explores the ways in which community on Reddit is formed and solidified through play and humor, and the complex ways in which Redditors come together, which demonstrate a deep capacity for altruism and charitable giving, but can easily lapse into mob action.It also explores the community’s troubling gender and racial politics and how some Redditors are carving out their own space on the site to fight back.

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  • Abolitionist Twilights : History, Meaning, and the Fate of Racial Egalitarianism, 1865-1909
    Abolitionist Twilights : History, Meaning, and the Fate of Racial Egalitarianism, 1865-1909

    Provides unique insight into Reconstruction’s downfall and Jim Crow’s emergence. In the years and decades following the American Civil War, veteran abolitionists actively thought and wrote about the campaign to end enslavement immediately.This study explores the late-in-life reflections of several antislavery memorial and historical writers, evaluating the stable and shifting meanings of antebellum abolitionism amidst dramatic changes in postbellum race relations.By investigating veteran abolitionists as movement chroniclers and commemorators and situating their texts within various contexts, Raymond James Krohn further assesses the humanitarian commitments of activists who had valued themselves as the enslaved people’s steadfast friends. Never solely against slavery, post-1830 abolitionism challenged widely held anti-Black prejudices as well.Dedicated to emancipating the enslaved and elevating people of color, it equipped adherents with the necessary linguistic resources to wage a valiant, sustained philanthropic fight.Abolitionist Twilights focuses on how the status and condition of the freedpeople and their descendants affected book-length representations of antislavery persons and events.In probing veteran– abolitionist engagement in or disengagement from an ongoing African American freedom struggle, this ambitious volume ultimately problematizes scholarly understandings of abolitionism’s racial justice history and legacy.

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  • Should one also practice handwriting when learning Japanese?

    Yes, practicing handwriting when learning Japanese can be beneficial for several reasons. It can help improve your memory retention, reinforce your understanding of the characters, and enhance your overall language skills. Additionally, handwriting can also help you become more familiar with the stroke order and proper writing techniques, which can be important for reading and writing in Japanese. Overall, incorporating handwriting practice into your Japanese learning routine can be a valuable tool for mastering the language.

  • What should I say during the learning development conversation?

    During the learning development conversation, you should express your goals and aspirations for your personal and professional growth. You can also discuss any challenges or obstacles you may be facing in your learning journey and seek guidance or support from the other person. It's important to be open and honest about your strengths and weaknesses, and to communicate your willingness to learn and improve. Additionally, you can ask for feedback and suggestions on how to enhance your learning experience and make the most of the opportunities available to you.

  • What are the questions during a USA exchange conversation?

    During a USA exchange conversation, the questions typically revolve around getting to know the other person, their background, and interests. Common questions may include asking about where the person is from, what they do for a living, their hobbies, and their experiences in the USA. Additionally, questions about cultural differences, favorite places visited, and future travel plans are often discussed. Overall, the questions are aimed at building rapport and understanding the other person's perspective.

  • Is this an interview or a practice for a conversation?

    This is a practice for a conversation. It is an opportunity for you to engage in a simulated conversation with me to help you prepare for real-life interactions. It allows you to practice your communication skills, build confidence, and refine your ability to engage in meaningful dialogue.

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